## Posts

Showing posts from 2016

### Abstract paintings with velocity fields

The following images show a graphical representation of the flow of velocity fields. In them you can observe the behavior of particles moving with respect to the velocity field. I made these images with the program GeoGebra and I used filters from Snapseed.
$\mathbf v=(x-y,x+y)$
$\mathbf v=\left(-\dfrac{y}{x^2+y^2},\dfrac{x}{x^2+y^2}\right)$
$\mathbf v=(x,-y)$
Guess who is $\mathbf v$
$\mathbf v=(-x+xy-x^2,-xy+y)$
$\mathbf v=\left(\dfrac32\cos y,\dfrac32\,\text{sen } x\right)$
$\mathbf v=(x^2-y^2,2xy)$
$\mathbf v=\left(\dfrac32\cos y,\dfrac32\text{sen} x-y\right)$
$\mathbf v=\left(-1-\dfrac{x}{(x^2+y^2)^{3/4}},-1-\dfrac{y}{(x^2+y^2)^{3/4}}\right)$
If you have time to observe the behavior of the flow defined by the velocity field and want to make abstract paintings, then click the image below or on the link.
https://www.geogebra.org/m/JPUBhFgs

### Vector fields: Examples

Vector fields arise very naturally in physics and engineering applications from physical forces: gravitational, electrostatic, centrifugal, etc. For example, the vector field defined by the function
$\mathbf{F}(x,y,z)=-w_0\left(\frac{x}{\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^{3/2}},\frac{z}{\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^{3/2}},\frac{z}{\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^{3/2}}\right),$
where $w_0$ is a real number, is associated with gravity and electrostatic attraction. The gravitational field around a planet and the electric field around a single point charge are similar to this field. The field points towards the origin (when $w_0>0$) and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the origin.

Simulation

Gravitational/Electrostatic field: Click on the image (or link below) to run the simulation.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### Flux in 2D

1. What is flux in 2D?

Recall that:

The flux of any two dimensional vector field $\mathbf v =v_1(x,y)\,\mathbf i +v_2(x,y)\,\mathbf j$ across a plane curve $C$ is defined by $$\text{Flux}=\int_C\mathbf v \cdot \mathbf n\, dS$$ where $\mathbf n$ is a unit normal vector to $C$.

A particular context that helps to understand the definition of flux is considering the velocity field of a fluid. Let $C$ be a plane curve and let $\mathbf v$ be a velocity vector  in the plane. Now imagine that $C$ is a membrane across which the fluid flows, but does not impede the flow of the fluid. In other words, $C$ is an idealised membrane invisible to the fluid. In this context, the flux of $\mathbf v$ across $C$ is the quantity of fluid flowing through $C$ per unit time, or the rate of flow.
2. Flux across line segments

The following applet shows a representation of a fluid flowing through a line segment. Activate the boxes to show the field and flow. Observe what happens to the flux when you change the a…

### Flux across a line segment

Consider a two-dimensional flow of a fluid with the  velocity field  $$\mathbf{v}=-y\, \mathbf{i} +x\,\mathbf{j}.$$
The aim of this activity is to investigate the physical meaning of the flux and circulation of $\mathbf{v}$ across a line segment.

(a) Calculate the flux of $\mathbf{v}$ across the following line segments:
1. $C_1$: from $A=(0,-1)$ to $B=(0,1)$. 2. $C_2$: from $A=(0,3)$ to $B=(-4,0)$. 3. $C_3$: from $A=(0,-1)$ to $B=(0,2)$. 4. $C_4$: from $A=(-2,0)$ to $B=(0,2)$.

(b) In part (a) you should have found that in some cases the flux was equal to  zero. Use the same applet (above) to investigate where you need to put the endpoints of the line segment in order to obtain a flux equal to zero. For example, use the applet to define the line segment from $A=(-2,-3)$ to $B=(2,3)$ or from $A=(-5,2)$ to $B=(2,5)$, and observe what happens to the flux in each case.
1. Describe a general condition required for the flux across the line se…

### Vector fields

What is a vector field?

In general, a vector field is a function that assigns vectors to points in space.

A vector field in the $xy$ plane is a vector function of 2 variables:
$\mathbf{F}(x,y)=\left(F_1(x,y),F_2(x,y)\right)=F_1(x,y)\mathbf{i}+F_2(x,y)\mathbf{j}$

The best way to picture a vector field is to draw the arrow representing the vector $\mathbf{F}(x,y)$ starting at the point $(x,y)$. Of course, it's impossible to do this for all points $(x,y)$, but we can gain a reasonable impression of $\mathbf{F}$ by doing it for a few representative points in $\mathbb R^2$.

Similarly a vector field in 3-D is a vector function of 3 variables:
\begin{eqnarray*}
\mathbf{F}(x,y,z)&=&\left(F_1(x,y,z),F_2(x,y,z),F_3(x,y,z)\right)\\&=&F_1(x,y,z)\mathbf{i}+F_2(x,y,z)\mathbf{j}+F_3(x,y,z)\mathbf{k}
\end{eqnarray*}

Simulation

Some computer algebra systems are capable of plotting vector fields in two or three dimensions. They give a better impression of the vector field than is…

### Classification of conics

1. Introduction

Consider the  equation of the form
$ax^2+by^2+cxy+dx+ey+f=0$
where $a,b,\ldots ,f$ are real numbers, and at least one of the numbers $a,b,c$ is not zero. An equation of this type is called a quadratic equation in $x$ and $y$, and $ax^2+by^2+cxy$
is called the associated quadratic form.

Graphs of  quadratics equations are known as conics, or conic sections. The most important conics are ellipses, circles, hyperbolas and parabolas; these are called non-degenerate conics. The remaining conics are called degenerated and include single points and pairs of lines.
A conic is said to be in standard position relative to the coordinate axes if its equation can be expressed in one of the following forms: \begin{align}
& \bullet \;\;\dfrac{x^2}{k^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{l^2}=1; \;\;k,l>0,  \nonumber \\ % no number is shown
& \bullet \;\;\dfrac{x^2}{k^2}-\dfrac{y^2}{l^2}=1\;\; \text{or}\;\; \dfrac{x^2}{k^2}-\dfrac{y^2}{l^2}=1; \;\;k,l>0, \label{conics}\\ % there is a n…